Emotional development of gifted students: comparative study about overexcitabilities / Desenvolvimento emocional de alunos superdotados: estudo comparativo acerca das sobre-excitabilidades / Desarrollo emocional de estudiantes superdotados: estudio comparativo sobre las sobreexcitabilidades

The aim of this study was to compare gifted, with academic and artistic talent, and non-gifted students regarding overexcitability, as well as to investigate the perceptions of teachers from a specialized educational program for the gifted about their students' emotional development. The study included 150 students and six teachers. As instruments, we used participants characterization questionnaires, an overexcitability scale and a semi-structured interview script. Data were analyzed using inferential statistics and content analysis. The results indicated significant differences between gifted and non-gifted students in the patterns of intellectual and imaginative over-excitability, as well as a tendency for teachers to emotionally characterize gifted students with an emphasis on psychological disorders and weaknesses. To invest in educational strategies that use information derived from overexcitability patterns as facilitating tools for the learning process of the gifted can contribute to increasing student engagement at school, keeping them motivated. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar estudantes superdotados, com talento acadêmico e artístico, e não superdotados em relação às sobre-excitabilidades, bem como investigar a percepção de professores de um atendimento educacional especializado a alunos com altas habilidades/superdotação acerca do desenvolvimento emocional de seus estudantes. Participaram do estudo 150 discentes, além de seis professores. Como instrumentos foram utilizados questionários de caracterização dos participantes, escala de sobre-excitabilidade e roteiro de entrevista semiestruturado. Os dados foram analisados mediante estatística inferencial e análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram diferenças significativas entre estudantes superdotados e não superdotados nos padrões de sobre-excitabilidades intelectual e imaginativa, bem como uma tendência dos professores em caracterizar emocionalmente os alunos superdotados com ênfase em transtornos e fragilidades psicológicas. Investir em estratégias educacionais que utilizem informações decorrentes dos padrões de sobre-excitabilidade como instrumentos facilitadores do processo de aprendizagem dos superdotados pode contribuir para aumentar o envolvimento dos alunos na escola, mantendo-os motivados. (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar estudiantes superdotados, con talento académico y artístico, y no-superdotados en relación con la sobreexcitabilidad, así como investigar la percepción de docentes de un servicio educativo especializado para superdotados sobre el desarrollo emocional de sus alumnos. El estudio incluyó a 150 estudiantes y seis profesores. Como instrumentos se utilizaron cuestionarios de caracterización de los participantes, una escala de sobreexcitabilidad y un guión de entrevista semiestructurada. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística inferencial y análisis de contenido. Los resultados indicaron diferencias significativas entre los superdotados y no-superdotados en las sobreexcitabilidades intelectual e imaginativa, así como una tendencia de los profesores a caracterizar emocionalmente a los superdotados con énfasis en los trastornos psicológicos y las debilidades. Invertir en estrategias educativas que utilicen información derivada de la sobreexcitabilidad como herramientas facilitadoras del proceso de aprendizaje de los superdotados puede contribuir a aumentar la participación de los estudiantes en la escuela, manteniéndolos motivados. (AU)

Older people's preferences for self-involvement in decision-making if faced with serious illness / As preferências de pessoas idosas pelo autoenvolvimento na tomada de decisão numa situação de doença grave

OBJECTIVES: To examine older people's preferences for self-involvement in end-of-life care decision-making in scenarios of mental capacity (competency) and incapacity, and to identify associated factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted including 400 individuals aged 60+ years living in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. RESULTS: Among 400 respondents, 95.3% preferred self-involvement when capable (due to the high percentage, associated factors were not calculated) and 64.5% preferred self-involvement when incapable through, for example, a living will. Considering that participants could choose multiple answers, the most frequent combinations in the capacity scenario were "yourself" and "other relatives" (76.8%) and "yourself" and "the doctor" (67.8%). In the incapacity scenario, the most frequent combinations were "yourself" and "other relatives" (usually their " children and, less often, their grandchildren) (59.3%) and "yourself" and "the doctor" (48.5%). Three factors were associated with a preference for self-involvement in an incapacity scenario. Those who were married or had a partner (widowed; adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.37; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.19-0.68) and those who were male (female; AOR = 0.62; 95%CI 0.38-1.00) were less likely to prefer self-involvement. Those who were younger, as in age bands 60-69 years (80+; AOR = 2.35; 95%CI 1.20-4.58) and 70-79 years (80+; AOR = 2.45; 95%CI 1.21-4.94), were more likely to prefer self-involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Most participants preferred self-involvement in both scenarios of capacity and incapacity. Preference for self-involvement was higher in the scenario of capacity, while preference for the involvement of other relatives (usually their children) was greater in the scenario of incapacity.

OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar as preferências de pessoas idosas pelo autoenvolvimento na tomada de decisões nos cuidados de saúde em fim de vida em cenários de capacidade e incapacidade mental (competência), e identificar os fatores associados. METODOLOGIA: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, com 400 indivíduos, com idade 60 anos ou mais, residentes na cidade de Belo Horizonte, Brasil. RESULTADOS: Entre os 400 entrevistados, 95,3% preferiram o autoenvolvimento, quando capazes, na tomada de decisões (devido ao alt percentual, fatores associados não foram caculados); e 64,5% preferiram o autoenvolvimento, quando incapazes de tomar decisões, por meio, por exemplo, de um testamento em vida. Considerando que os participantes puderam escolher mais de uma resposta, as combinações mais frequentes para o cenário de capacidade foram: participantes e outros familiares (76,8%); e participantes e médicos (67,8%). No cenário de incapacidade, as combinações mais frequentes foram: participantes e outros familiares (geralmente filhos e netos) (59,3%); e participantes e médicos (48,5%). Três fatores foram associados à preferência pelo i-r autoenvolvimento em um cenário de incapacidade. Aqueles que eram casados ou com companheiro (viúvo; odds ratio ajustada (AOR) = 0,37; intervalo de confiança (IC) 95% 0,19-0,68) e os homens (mulheres; AOR = 0,62; IC95% 0,38-1,00) foram menos propensos a preferir o autoenvolvimento. Os mais jovens: 60-69 anos (80+; AOR = 2,35; IC95% 1,20-4,58) and 70-79 anos (80+; AOR = 2,45; IC95% 1,214,94) foram mais prováveis de preferir o autoenvolvimento. CONCLUSÕES: A maioria dos participantes preferiu o autoenvolvimento em ambos os cenários de capacidade e incapacidade. A preferência pelo autoenvolvimento foi maior no cenário de capacidade, enquanto a preferência pelo envolvimento de outros familiares (geralmente filhos) foi maior no cenário de incapacidade.

Prediction of arithmetic competence: role of cognitive abilities, socioeconomic variables and the perception of the teacher in Early Childhood Education / Predição da competência aritmética: papel das habilidades cognitivas, variáveis socioeconômicas e percepção do professor na Educação infantil / Predicción de la competencia aritmética: papel de las habilidades cognitivas, variables socioeconómicas y percepción del profesor en la Educación infantil

The study investigated, in a longitudinal cohort, predictive models of arithmetic competence (AC) in the 1st year from language and executive functions assessed at preschool age. A total of 71 children were evaluated in oral language skills, preliminary writing abilities and executive functions. In the 1st year, the children were also evaluated in AC. Parents provided information on the socioeconomic level and teachers indicated children with difficulties. Language, oral (phonological awareness and vocabulary) and preliminary writing (knowledge of letters, reading and writing of words) abilities, together with indications of difficulty by the teacher in the ECE, were able to explain a mean of 62% of the variability in AC in the 1st year. The findings reveal predictive variables for the performance in arithmetic in the initial stage of Elementary Education, which can assist in early identification and the design of preventive intervention models.

O estudo investigou, em um recorte longitudinal, modelos preditivos da competência aritmética (CA) no 1º ano a partir de habilidades de linguagem e funções executivas avaliadas em idade pré-escolar. Participaram 71 crianças que foram avaliadas em habilidades de linguagem oral, habilidades preliminares de escrita e funções executivas. No 1º ano, as crianças foram também avaliadas em CA. Pais proveram informações sobre nível socioeconômico e professores indicaram crianças com dificuldades no curso da EI. Habilidades de linguagem, oral (consciência fonológica e vocabulário) e preliminares de escrita (conhecimento de letras, leitura e escrita de palavras), juntamente com indicação de dificuldade pelo professor na EI, foram capazes de explicar média de 62% da variabilidade em CA no 1º ano. Os achados revelam variáveis preditoras do desempenho em aritmética em etapa inicial do Ensino Fundamental e estendem seu impacto para a identificação precoce e delineamento de modelos preventivos de intervenção.

El estudio investigó, en un recorte longitudinal, modelos predictivos de la competencia aritmética (CA) en el primer año a partir de habilidades de lenguaje y funciones ejecutivas evaluadas en edad preescolar. Participaron 71 niños que fueron evaluados en habilidades de lengua oral, habilidades preliminares de escritura y funciones ejecutivas. En el primer año, los niños también se evaluaron en CA. Los padres proporcionaron información sobre NSE y los profesores indicaron a los niños con dificultades en el curso de la EI. Las habilidades de lenguaje, oral (conciencia fonológica y vocabulario) y preliminares de escritura (conocimiento de letras, lectura y escritura de palabras), junto con indicación de dificultad por el profesor en la EI, fueron capaces de explicar media del 62% de la variabilidad en CA en 1er año. Los hallazgos revelan variables predictoras del desempeño en aritmética en etapa inicial de la Enseñanza Fundamental y expiden su impacto para la identificación precoz y delineamiento de modelos preventivos de intervención.

¿Sé y puedo? Toma de decisión y consentimiento informado en los trastornos demenciantes: dilemas diagnósticos y jurídicos en Chile / Decision making and consents given by demented patients. Are they valid?

In Chile, more than 180 thousand people (1% of the population) have some form of dementia. The figure should increase to approximately 600,000 (3% of Chileans) by 2050. This disease poses major challenges to the society. One of them is the effective recognition of the autonomy and responsibility of the person living with this condition. This article aims to review the clinical assessment of competence, its agreement with the Chilean legal system and the challenges that the assessment of competence poses in clinical decision-making and the capacity of an individual make decisions, according to the new international obligations subscribed by Chile. It is concluded that inclusion is a pending challenge, reflected among other things, by the non-compliance with binding rules such as Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which affirms that persons with disabilities have the right to be recognized as a person everywhere, before the law.

Competencias socio-emocionales en adultos mayores de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires / Socio-emotional competencies in elderly in the city of Buenos Aires

Con el aumento de la población de adultos mayores, se plantean importantes retos a nivel internacional. Los estudios se focalizaron en factores demográficos, cognitivos y físicos, en cambio, los emocionales fueron escasamente investigados en esta etapa vital. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el patrón de competencias socioemocionales en 53 adultos mayores (M =69; DE =4.2), de ambos sexos, y comparar sus diferencias con 53 jóvenes adultos. A todos los participantes se les administró el Inventario de Competencias Socioemocionales (ICSE; Mikulic, 2013). Los resultados indican que los adultos mayores muestran significativamente mayor optimismo, asertividad, regulación emocional y autonomía, a diferencia de los más jóvenes. Estos hallazgos pueden permitir diseñar intervenciones focalizadas en el aprendizaje de nuevas competencias. Asimismo, permitirían potenciar y mejorar competencias adquiridas pero no desarrolladas aún, con el fin último de que el adulto mayor pueda contar con recursos para afrontar los cambios inherentes a esta etapa vital...

Avaliação de política em saúde mental sob o viés da alteridade radical / Mental health policy evaluation under the radical alterity viewpoint

Realizou-se pesquisa de tese em História Social, sob a vertente da História Oral, com o objetivo de avaliar a política de saúde mental do município de Quixadá, no período de 1993 a 2012. Foram selecionados quatro depoimentos de pessoal diretamente responsável pela construção da política, em sua primeira gestão: o prefeito, o supervisor de serviço, um auxiliar de Enfermagem e um médico. Os depoimentos foram analisados utilizando como referencial teórico a ética da alteridade radical. Consensualmente, os depoimentos apontavam para o entendimento de que, além de o paciente e sua família precisarem de cuidados, intervenções se faziam necessárias no sentido de apresentar a loucura à cidade, como forma de diminuir o preconceito. Sugere-se, a partir dos relatos dessa boa prática, a criação de um novo critério de avaliação dos serviços em saúde mental, qual seja, sua efetividade em gerar, na sociedade, novas formas de lidar com a diferença e com o outro...

We conducted thesis research in Social History, under the aspect of Oral History in order to assess the mental health policy of the city of Quixadá, Brazil, from 1993 to 2012. Testimonials from four directly responsible personnel were selected for the construction of politics in their first term: the mayor, the service supervisor, a nursing assistant and a physician. The interviews were analyzed using as a theoretical ethics of radical otherness. Consensually, the testimonies pointed to the understanding that, in addition to the patient and his family need care, interventions were necessary in order to present to the city madness as a way to reduce prejudice. It is suggested, based on the reports of this good practice, the creation of a new criterion for the evaluation of mental health services, namely, its effectiveness in generating, in society, new ways of dealing with difference and with each other...

Development of competency to stand trial rating scale in offenders with mental disorders / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#According with Chinese legal system, to develop a competency to stand trial rating scale in offenders with mental disorders.@*METHODS@#Proceeding from the juristical elements, 15 items were extracted and formulated a preliminary instrument named the competency to stand trial rating scale in offenders with mental disorders. The item analysis included six aspects, which were critical ratio, item-total correlation, corrected item-total correlation, alpha value if item deleted, communalities of items, and factor loading. The Logistic regression equation and cut-off score of ROC curve were used to explore the diagnostic efficiency.@*RESULTS@#The data of critical ratio of extreme group were 18.390-46.763; item-total correlation, 0.639-0.952; corrected item-total correlation, 0.582-0.944; communalities of items, 0.377-0.916; and factor loadings, 0.614-0.957. Seven items were included in the regression equation and the accuracy of back substitution test was 96.0%. The score of 33 was ascertained as the cut-off score by ROC fitting curve, the overlapping ratio compared with the expertise was 95.8%. The sensibility and the specificity were 0.938 and 0.966, respectively, while the positive and negative likelihood ratios were 27.67 and 0.06, respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#With all items satisfied the requirement of homogeneity test, the rating scale has a reasonable construct and excellent diagnostic efficiency.

Consentimento informado e competência em pediatria: opiniões de uma amostra de médicos romenos em treinamento / Informed consent and competence in pediatrics: opinions from a sample of Romanian physicians in training

OBJETIVOS: Analisar o ponto de vista de médicos em treinamento a respeito do consentimento informado como autorização autônoma em pediatria e discutir os efeitos limitantes da norma de competência nesse campo. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo multi-institucional com 158 residentes de medicina com o intuito de analisar o ponto de vista de médicos em treinamento a respeito do consentimento informado como autorização autônoma em pediatria. A participação no estudo foi voluntária, e os participantes eram provenientes de uma área geográfica limitada (Bucareste e arredores). RESULTADOS: A maioria dos respondentes concordou totalmente que um paciente entre 16 e 18 anos deve tomar decisões médicas informadas sobre qualquer tipo de procedimento (inclusive os referentes a escolhas reprodutivas); enquanto que pacientes entre 14 e 16 anos devem ser autorizados a tomar decisões médicas informadas apenas a respeito de procedimentos menores. A maioria concordou que transplantes de medula óssea devem ser permitidos entre irmãos se aprovados por ambos, enquanto que a maioria não concorda com o transplante de órgãos sólidos. A participação de crianças em estudos clínicos deve ser permitida apenas se a criança concordar. CONCLUSÕES: As respostas obtidas em nosso estudo sobre o consentimento informado aproximam-no mais do sentido de autorização autônoma do que do sentido de autorização efetiva. Portanto, a intuição moral dos participantes é mais bioética e menos jurídica, o que, embora maximize os benefícios do paciente, está associado a um aumento no risco de responsabilidade. No entanto, visto que as gerações mais novas tornam-se cada vez mais precoces, é preciso reavaliar os dogmas tradicionais a respeito da competência.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the views of physicians in training regarding the informed consent as autonomous authorization in pediatrics and to discuss the limiting effects of the competence norm in this field. METHODS: We conducted a multi-institutional survey with 158 medical residents in order to assess the views of physicians in training regarding the informed consent as autonomous authorization in pediatrics. The study was conducted with volunteer participants, from a limited geographical area (Bucharest and surrounding areas). RESULTS: Most respondents strongly agreed that a patient aged 16-18 years should make informed medical decisions regarding any type of procedures (including reproductive choices), whilst those aged 14-16 should be allowed to take informed medical decisions regarding minor procedures only. Most participants agreed that transplant procedures involving bone marrow should be allowed between siblings if they approve, whilst most disagreed allowing solid organ transplantation. The involvement of children in clinical studies should only be allowed if the children agree. CONCLUSIONS: The responses obtained in our study regarding the informed consent put it closer to the autonomic authorization sense than the effective authorization sense. Therefore, respondents' moral intuition is more bioethical and less legal, which, even if maximizing the patient's benefit, is associated with an increased liability risk. However, since the newer generations become more and more precocious, a reanalysis of the classical competence dogmas should be conducted.

Progress in standard assessment on competency to stand trial of mentally disordered offenders / 法医学杂志

Competency to stand trial relates directly to legal rights of the appraised individual as well as whether criminal procedure can be carried out smoothly. Foreign scholars have conducted a large number of theoretical researches, and developed a series of standardized evaluation tools. However, the assessment on competency to stand trial has mainly focused on medical criteria in China for a long time, and most cases were judged by forensic psychiatrists' experience. Recently, Chinese scholars have started the initial research on standardized evaluation. This paper reviews the notion of competency to stand trial, the evaluation criteria, and the assessment tools domestically and abroad. The main focus is on foreign assessment tools, which included three categories. First category includes checklist, self-report questionnaires and sentence-completion tasks. Second category is the interview-based instruments without criterion-based scoring. Last category is the interview-based instruments with criterion-based scoring. This literature may be helpful for further research and standardization on assessment tools of competency to stand trial of mentally disordered offenders.

Entendimento do termo de consentimento por pacientes partícipes em pesquisas com fármaco na cardiologia / Informed consent as viewed by patients participating in cardiology drug trial / La comprensión del formulario de consentimiento por los pacientes que forman parte de investigaciones con fármaco en la cardiología

Fundamento: Em ensaios clínicos, o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) é fundamental para preservar a ética, mas pela sua complexidade ele pode não ser entendido completamente. Neste estudo, avaliamos o entendimento do TCLE pelo paciente. Objetivo: Abordamos a questão sobre o nível de compreensão dos pacientes em relação aos estudos baseados no Consentimento Informado. Métodos: Convidamos participantes de pesquisa ambulatorial fases II, III e IV, com fármacos, para responder um questionário estruturado com 29 questões, tais como: por que aceitou participar? Leu o TCLE antes de assinar? Ao assiná-lo, estava certo de tê-lo entendido? Oitenta indivíduos (20 mulheres e 60 homens) compareceram, num universo de 106 pacientes. As variáveis de cada questão foram consideradas por frequência de ocorrência. A comparação entre as médias entre os grupos foi realizada pelos testes t de Student ou Wilcoxon; e para associações, o Qui-quadrado ou Razão de Verossimilhança, ou teste exato de Fisher. Resultados: A média das idades foi de 58,7 ± 9,3 anos. Das motivações para participar da pesquisa, 66,2 por cento apontaram seu próprio benefício; 42,5 por cento, o bem da ciência; 25,0 por cento alegaram atender a um pedido de seu médico; 50 por cento não entenderam corretamente o TCLE; e 32,9 por cento sequer o leram, mas o assinaram. Dentre os que receberam placebo após a randomização (n = 47), 66,7 por cento não entenderam o significado deste termo. Houve forte correlação entre o não entender o significado de placebo com a escolaridade (p = 0,02), evidenciando que quanto menor o nível de instrução, menor este entendimento. Conclusão: O TCLE é pouco compreendido pelos pacientes e para alguns deles a confiança no médico teve impacto na decisão de participar do ensaio clínico com fármaco, havendo também influência do nível de instrução dos sujeitos no entendimento do termo "placebo".

Background: In clinical tests, the Informed Consent is critical to preserve the ethics, but due to its high complexity level, it cannot be fully understood. This study assesses the Informed Consent as viewed by patients. Objective: We addressed the issue of what do patients understand about the studies based on the IC. Methods: We invited participants of outpatient clinical drug trials phase II, III and IV to answer a questionnaire with 29 questions, such as: why have you accepted to participate? Did you read the Informed Consent before signing it? By signing it, were you sure you have fully understood it? Eighty individuals (20 women and 60 men) showed up, from 106 patients. The variables of each question were considered as often as they appeared. The comparison of the averages among the groups was made by t tests of Student or Wilcoxon; and for associations, Chi-square or Likelihood Ratio, or Fisher's exact test. Results: Ages averaged 58.7 ± 9.3 years. Concerning their reasons to taking part in the survey, 66.2 percent pointed out their own benefit; 42.5 percent, for science's sake; 25.0 percent claimed they were doing so at their doctor's request; 50 percent did not understand the Informed Consent properly; and 32.9 percent did not read it, but signed it. Among those who were administered placebo after randomization (n = 47), 66.7 percent did not understand the meaning of the informed consent. A strong correlation between failure to understand the meaning of placebo with literacy level (p = 0,02) was verified, which is an evidence that the smaller is the literacy level, the smaller is the understanding level. Conclusion: The Informed Consent is poorly understood by patients and for some of them, trusting a doctor affected their decision in taking part in the clinical trial with drugs. Their literacy level also influenced their understanding of the term "placebo".

Fundamento: En ensayos clínicos, el Formulario de Consentimiento Informado (FCI) es fundamental para que se preserve la ética, sin embargo por su complexidad él puede no comprenderse completamente. En este estudio, evaluamos la comprensión del FCI por parte del paciente. Objetivo: Abordamos la cuestión sobre el nivel de comprensión de los pacientes respecto a los estudios basados en el Consentimiento Informado. Métodos: Invitamos a los participantes de investigación clínica fase II, III y IV con fármacos para responder un cuestionario estructurado con 29 cuestiones, tales como: ¿Por qué aceptó participar?¿Leyó el FCI antes de firmarlo?¿Al firmarlo estaba seguro de haberlo entendido? Ochenta individuos (20 mujeres y 60 varones) comparecieron, en un total de 106 pacientes. Las variables de cada cuestión se llevaron a cabo por frecuencia de ocurrencia. La comparación entre los promedios entre los grupos se realizó mediante las pruebas t de Student o Wilcoxon; y para asociaciones, el Chi-cuadrado o Razón de Verosimilitud, o prueba exacta de Fisher. Resultados: El promedio de las edades fue de 58,7 ± 9,3 años. De las motivaciones para participar en la investigación, el 66,2 por ciento señaló su propio beneficio; un 42,5 por ciento, el bien de la ciencia; un 25,0 por ciento alegó atender a una petición de su médico; el 50 por ciento no comprendió correctamente el FCI; y un 32,9 por ciento tampoco leyó el formulario, pero lo firmó. Entre los que recibieron placebo tras la randomización (n = 47), un 66,7 por ciento no entendió el significado de este término. Hubo una fuerte correlación entre las personas que no entendían el significado de placebo con la escolaridad (p = 0,02), evidenciando que cuanto menor era el nivel de instrucción, menor era la comprensión. Conclusión: EL FCI es poco comprendido por los pacientes y para algunos de ellos la confianza en el médico tuvo impacto en la decisión de participar en el ensayo clínico con fármaco, habiendo...

The application of criminal responsibility rating scale for suspects with mental retardation / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the feasibility of the criminal responsibility rating scale for suspects with mental retardation.@*METHODS@#Ninety six suspects with mental retardation were evaluated by trained professionals according to the scale, and the results were compared to the expert's opinion.@*RESULTS@#The scores of three groups (no, diminished, and responsibility group) were 12.25 +/- 2.06, 28.62 +/- 4.57, 44.41 +/- 5.17 respectively and were significant different among them. All items had statistical correlation with the total score of the scale. Five factors were extracted by means of the factor analysis and they could explain 70.919% of the variation. The accuracy of retrospective cumulative square was 92.7%.@*CONCLUSION@#The Criminal Responsibility Rating Scale has good reliability and validity, and can be used as a reference in assessment of criminal responsibility.

The application of diminished criminal responsibility rating scale to mental retardation offenders / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the application of Diminished Criminal Responsibility Rating Scale (DCRRS) to mental retardation offenders.@*METHODS@#The DCRRS was used to 121 cases of mental retardation offenders who were divided into three groups according to the degree of their diminished criminal responsibility.@*RESULTS@#There were significant differences in rating score among the three groups (mild group 22.12+/-4.69, moderate group 25.50+/-5.48, major group 27.59+/-5.69), and 17 items had good correlation with the total score of the scale with the correlation coefficient from 0.289 to 0.665. Six factors were extracted by the factor analysis, and 69.392% variation could be explained.@*CONCLUSION@#The DCRRS has rational items, its total score could show the difference among the three degree diminished criminal responsibility of mental retardation offenders.

Civil competence assessment of the mental disorders involved in contract dispute / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To search the criteria for evaluating the civil competence of the mental disorders involved in contract dispute.@*METHODS@#Data on the interviewee's mental status and the forensic expertise were collected retrospectively. And 6 indexes were selected and graded: awareness of situation, factual understanding of issues, appreciation of likely consequences, rational manipulation of information, functioning in one's own environment and communication of choice. All of the data were analyzed by SPSS.@*RESULTS@#Fifty six cases were included and interviewee's civil competence was graded to three levels: full civil competence, diminished civil competence, and no civil competence. These cases included two types of contract: the real estate related contract (38 cases) and the labor related contract (14 cases). All of the 6 indexes were well correlated to the forensic expertise. The related coefficient was from 0.703 to 0.834, and the interrelated coefficient of the 6 items was also high, from 0.712 to 0.877.@*CONCLUSION@#It is feasible to divide the civil competence of the mental disorders into three grades. As the basis, these 6 indexes mentioned above are representative and can be applied in further standardized and quantified assessment of civil competence.

Obtaining informed consent and other ethical dilemmas.

In the extracts from the discussion presented below, Prof Macklin (RM) and Dr Guerrero-Cohen (DG-C) respond to researchers' queries. Some of the dilemmas that the researchers describe were faced in their own work. Others, based on questions raised by the institutional ethics committee of the Anusandhan Trust, were summarised from the IEC's report.

Um olhar psicanalítico sobre o desenvolvimento emocional de adultos com limitação intelectual moderada: a (in) sustentável leveza entre autonomia e dependência / A psychoanalytic perspective on the emotional development of adults with moderate intellectual limitations: the (un) sustainable lightness between autonomy and dependence

Este trabalho explora as possibilidades de contribuição da psicanálise para a compreensão do processo de construção de identidade e busca de autonomia de adultos com limitação intelectual moderada. Parte da idéia de que estas pessoas apresentam formas diversas de subjetivação e que, como todos, ao longo da vida são passíveis de encontros e desencontros provocadores dos mais diversos sentimentos. Reconhece a importância dos aspectos orgânicos, e afastando-se dos mesmos, desenvolve a idéia de que, para além do substrato orgânico, os aspectos emocionais são fatores fundamentais para a construção da autonomia. A hipótese básica é a de que os limites e as possibilidades de aquisição da autonomia são variáveis e que os aspectos emocionais são importantes neste processo. Há aspectos da dependência ambiental que são insuperáveis nestes casos, o que não quer dizer que sejam fixos ou imutáveis. Mesmo levando-se em consideração as restrições impostas pela base orgânica dos quadros estudados, as ligações familiares, primordialmente representadas pela relação da mãe com seu filho, colocam-se como fator importante quando se propõe a compreender e trabalhar com estas pessoas. O trabalho aborda a articulação possível entre a dependência e a autonomia levantando algumas conseqüências: nas práticas sociais, na construção da subjetividade e nos tratamentos. Pretende desenvolver a idéia de que a teoria do desenvolvimento emocional primitivo de Winnicott traz uma importante contribuição para a compreensão deste processo.

Voices of people who have received ECT.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is controversial but widely practised in India. We elicited perspectives, using qualitative interviews, from patients who received ECT and their relatives. Ethical issues related to personal autonomy, right to information, competence, informed consent and consent by proxy are discussed. We suggest strategies to ensure a basic minimum standard for obtaining informed consent for ECT in India.

The assessment of criminal responsibility of schizophrenic rape offenders / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore potential application of Diminished Criminal Responsibility Rating Scale (DCRRS) on rape offenders.@*METHODS@#The DCRRS was used retrospectively to study 77 cases of rape offenders. They were divided into three groups according to the degree of diminished criminal responsibility.@*RESULTS@#There were significant differences in rating scores among three groups (mild group 21.32+/-5.56, moderate group 25.92+/-5.19, and major group 29.54+/-4.62), and 16 of 18 items showed good correlation with the total scores of the scale (r=0.256 to 0.611), 7 factors were extracted by the factor analysis and their cumulative squared loadings was 75.784%.@*CONCLUSION@#The DCRRS is valid and reliable in a in assessment of criminal responsibility schizophrenic rape offenders.

The application of diminished criminal responsibility rating scale to schizophrenia offenders / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the feasibility of Diminished Criminal Responsibility Rating Scale(DCRRS) to schizophrenia offenders.@*METHODS@#The DCRRS were used respectively to 325 cases of schizophrenia offender which were divided into three groups according to the degree of criminal responsibility.@*RESULTS@#There were significant differences in rating score among three groups (mild group 21.16 +/- 4.17, moderate group 25.87 +/- 5.43, major group 29.35 +/- 4.60), and all items have good correlation with the total score of the scale. 6 factors were extracted by the factor analysis, and their cumulative squared loadings is 68.485%.@*CONCLUSION@#The diminished criminal responsibility in schizophrenia offenders could be divided into three grades.

La cristalización del léxico como un factor inhibidor de la construcción del sentido / Building vocabulary as a crystallised stock of items, inhibits or hinders the construction of meaning

A partir de la concepción de Bajtín sobre el signo y de los datos obtenidos a través de cuestionarios administrados a 20 docentes y de la aplicación de pruebas de comprensión lectora a 82 alumnos, tratamos de confirmar nuestra hipótesis de trabajo: La fijación del léxico, como un inventario cristalizado donde cada significante de la lengua extranjera tiene su respectivo significante en la lengua materna (reificación), inhibe u obstaculiza la construcción del sentido durante el proceso de comprensión lectora.

Ensombrecimiento entre relaciones arbitarias y no arbitarias en el paradigma de equivalencia-equivalencia / Darkening among arbitrary and non-arbitrary relations in the equivalence-equivalence paradigm

Se llevó a cabo un experimento con objeto de estudiar la posible existencia de competencia entre criterios de respuesta, utilizados en el paradigma de equivalencia-equivalencia. Los criterios manejados fueron, por una parte, responder en base ala pertinencia a una clase de equivalencia y, por otra, compartir un elemento entre la muestra y la comparación (semejanza). El procedimiento utilizado fue el del ensombrecimiento. Los sujetos fueron estudiantes universitarios. Los resultados de nuestro experimento muestran que cuando equivalencia – equivalencia y semejanza compiten (ambos pueden servir como guía para la elección de los sujetos) la segunda ensombrece a la primera. No obstante, como suele ser habitual, se obtiene mejores resultados cuando aparecen por separado que cuando comparten una misma situación.

An experiment was carried out in order to study the possible competition between criteria of responses using the equivalence – equivalence paradigm. The managed approaches were, on one hand, to respond based on the membership to an equivalence class and, for other, to share an element between the sample and the comparison (similarity). The procedure used was overshadow. The subjects were university students. The results of our experiment show that when equivalence – equivalence and similarity compete (both can serve as a guide for the subject’s choice) the second overshadowed to the first one, Nevertheless, as is usual, better results are obtained when they appear for separate that when they share oneself situation.